Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN)

The STRAIN, or Stress and Adversity Inventory, is a NIMH/RDoC-recommended instrument that efficiently and reliably assesses a person’s cumulative exposure to life stress. The measure is entirely online and systematically inquires about a diverse array of acute life events (e.g., deaths of relatives, job losses, negative health events) and chronic difficulties (e.g., ongoing health problems, work problems, relationship problems, financial problems, etc.) that have implications for human health and well-being. Stressors occurring in early life (e.g., childhood maltreatment or neglect, parental loss/separation, etc.) are also queried in detail. Respondents are asked to rate the severity, frequency, timing, and duration of each stressor they endorse. Questions that are inappropriate (based on a participant’s demographic characteristics) are automatically omitted from the interview (e.g., female reproductive health questions for male participants, questions about children for persons without children). The instrument can be self-administered by users at a computer or can be administered by an interviewer who follows the simple on-screen prompts. Because the STRAIN is embedded in an automated, online interviewing environment, the interview can be completed almost anywhere, including in a clinic, research laboratory, or classroom. Presently, we have an adolescent version of the STRAIN (Adolescent STRAIN) and an adult version (Adult STRAIN), both of which are available in several languages (see below). Although the STRAIN was originally designed to assess stressors occurring over the entire lifespan, we have since developed additional versions that focus on the same stressors but over shorter time periods (e.g., past 6 months, past year; see below). To begin using the STRAIN, complete the STRAIN Setup Form.

The average time needed to complete the STRAIN is 18-25 minutes, depending on the population being interviewed. Because there are multiple follow-up questions for each endorsed stressor (i.e., that assess severity, frequency, timing, and duration), there are approximately 220 questions that can be asked in all. Based on this information, the system produces 455 variables that are used to assess an individual’s cumulative exposure to stress. Using this raw data, we can presently create more than 115 different cumulative life stress summary variables and life charts that summarize a person’s stress exposure. Analyses can in turn be based on a number of factors, including stressor severity and/or the timing of stress exposure (e.g., Early Adversity vs. Distant vs. Recent Life Stress). More sophisticated analyses can be performed by focusing on stressors occurring in particular life domains (e.g., Housing, Education, Work, Health, Marital/Partner) or that have particular core characteristics (e.g., Interpersonal Loss, Physical Danger, Humiliation, Entrapment, Role Change).

Other interview-based measures have been developed for assessing life stress that require an independent rating team. The STRAIN is not a substitute for these more involved systems but rather is an alternative that can be used when the goal is to collect substantial information about health-relevant stressors in a relatively quick, efficient, and reliable manner. The STRAIN accomplishes this goal by combining the sophistication of an interview-based measure of life stress with the simplicity of a self-report instrument.

Main References

Adolescent STRAIN: Slavich, G. M., Stewart, J. G., Esposito, E. C., Shields, G. S., & Auerbach, R. P. (2019). The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adolescents (Adolescent STRAIN): associations with mental and physical health, risky behaviors, and psychiatric diagnoses in youth seeking treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60, 998-1009. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13038

Adult STRAIN: Slavich, G. M., & Shields, G. S. (2018). Assessing lifetime stress exposure using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An overview and initial validation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80, 17-27. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000534

• Brazilian Portuguese: Cazassa, M. J., Oliveira, M. D. S., Spahr, C. M., Shields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2020). The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN) in Brazilian Portuguese: Initial validation and links with executive function, sleep, and mental and physical health. Frontiers in Psychology, 10:3083. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03083
• German: Sturmbauer, S. C., Shields, G. S., Hetzel, E. L., Rohleder, N., & Slavich, G. M. (2019). The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN) in German: An overview and initial validation. PLoS One, 14(5):e0216419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216419

Use & Implementation

Initial development of the STRAIN was generously supported by a non-profit organization (i.e., Branco Weiss Fellowship) and ongoing system maintenance, security, and administration is supported in part by those who use the system. Additional details, cost estimates, and use consultation and instructions are gladly provided upon request.

The most recent version is Version 1.8, copyrighted and released by George Slavich on January 5th, 2021. Unauthorized use is not permitted. For additional information or to get started using the STRAIN, complete the STRAIN Setup Form.

VERSIONS		Adolescent STRAIN	Adult STRAIN
LIFETIME STRAIN
RECENT STRAINS	Recent STRAIN | 1 Month	Contact Us!
	Recent STRAIN | 6 Months
	Recent STRAIN | 9 Months		Contact Us!
	Recent STRAIN | 1 Year
LIFETIME STRAIN TRANSLATIONS	Spanish	Contact Us!
	Spanish (Peru)	Contact Us!
	Brazilian Portuguese	Contact Us!
	Simplified Mandarin Chinese	Contact Us!
	Traditional Mandarin Chinese	Contact Us!
	Korean	Contact Us!
	German	Contact Us!
	Russian	Contact Us!
	French
	Italian	Contact Us!
	Swiss	Contact Us!
	Swiss French	Contact Us!
	Norwegian	Contact Us!
	Polish	Contact Us!
	Turkish
	Romanian
	Croatian	Contact Us!
	Ukranian
	Hindi	Contact Us!
	Arabic	Contact Us!	Contact Us!
	Gujarati	Contact Us!	Contact Us!
STRAIN STRESS ASSESSMENT MODULES (SAMs)	Transition to College SAM (Available in English, German, Italian, Croatian, Swiss)
	Sport SAM (Available in English)

STRAIN Publications

Number	Publication	Download
27	Foubert, L., Noël, Y., Spahr, C. M., & Slavich, G. M. (in press). Beyond WEIRD: Associations between socioeconomic status, gender, lifetime stress exposure, and depression in Madagascar. Journal of Clinical Psychology.
26	Banica, I., Sandre, A., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., & Weinberg, A. (in press). Associations between lifetime stress exposure and the error-related negativity (ERN) differ based on stressor characteristics and exposure timing in young adults. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience.
25	Malat, J., Johns-Wolfe, E., Smith, T., Shields, G. S., Jacquez, F., & Slavich, G. M. (in press). Associations between lifetime stress exposure, race, and first-birth intendedness in the United States. Journal of Health Psychology. doi: 10.1177/1359105320963210
24	McMullin, S. D., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., & Buchanan, T. W. (in press). Cumulative lifetime stress exposure predicts greater impulsivity and addictive behaviors. Journal of Health Psychology. doi: 10.1177/1359105320937055
23	McLoughlin, E., Fletcher, D., Slavich, G. M., Arnold, R., & Moore, L. J. (2021). Cumulative lifetime stress exposure, depression, anxiety, and well-being in elite athletes: A mixed-method study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101823. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101823
22	Smith, T., Johns‐Wolfe, E., Shields, G. S., Malat, J., Jacquez, F., & Slavich, G. M. (2020). Associations between lifetime stress exposure and prenatal health behaviors. Stress and Health, 36, 384-395. doi: 10.1002/smi.2933
21	Banica, I., Sandre, A., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., & Weinberg, A. (2020). The error-related negativity (ERN) moderates the association between interpersonal stress and anxiety symptoms six months later. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 153, 27-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.03.006
20	Cazassa, M. J., Oliveira, M. D. S., Spahr, C. M., Shields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2020). The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN) in Brazilian Portuguese: Initial validation and links with executive function, sleep, and mental and physical health. Frontiers in Psychology, 10:3083. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03083
19	Slavich, G. M., Stewart, J. G., Esposito, E. C., Shields, G. S., & Auerbach, R. P. (2019). The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adolescents (Adolescent STRAIN): associations with mental and physical health, risky behaviors, and psychiatric diagnoses in youth seeking treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60, 998-1009. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13038
18	Schüssler-Fiorenza Rose, S. M., Contrepois, K., Moneghetti, K. J., Zhou, W., Mishra, T., Mataraso, S., Dagan-Rosenfeld, O., Ganz, A., Dunn., J., Hornburg, D., Rego, S., Perelman, D., Ahadi, S., Reza Sailani, M., Zhou, Y., Leopold, S., Chen, J., Ashland, M., Christle, J. W., Avina, M., Limcaoco, P., Ruiz, C., Tan, M., Butte, A. J., Weinstock, G. M., Slavich, G. M., Sodergren, E., McLaughlin, T. L., Haddad, F., & Snyder, M. P. (2019). A longitudinal big data approach for precision health. Nature Medicine, 25, 792-804. doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0414-6
17	Olvera Alvarez, H. A., Provencio-Vasquez, E., Slavich, G. M., Laurent, J. G. C., Browning, M., McKee-Lopez, G., Robbins, L., & Spengler, J. D. (2019). Stress and health in nursing students: The Nurse Engagement and Wellness Study. Nursing Research, 68, 453-463. doi: 10.1097/NNR.0000000000000383
16	Pegg, S., Ethridge, P., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., Weinberg, A., & Kujawa, A. (2019). Blunted social reward responsiveness moderates the effect of lifetime social stress exposure on depressive symptoms. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13:178. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00178
15	Lam, J. C. W., Shields, G. S., Trainor, B. C., Slavich, G. M., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2019). Greater lifetime stress exposure predicts blunted cortisol but heightened DHEA responses to acute stress. Stress and Health, 35, 15-26. doi: 10.1002/smi.2835
14	Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Puterman, E., Lin, J., Arenander, J., Coccia, M., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., & Epel, E. S. (2019). Cumulative lifetime stress exposure and leukocyte telomere length attrition: The unique role of stressor duration and exposure timing. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 104, 210-218. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.002
13	Shields, G. S., Ramey, M. M., Slavich, G. M., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2019). Determining the mechanisms through which recent life stress predicts working memory impairments: Precision or capacity? Stress, 22, 280-285. doi: 10.1080/10253890.2018.1556635
12	Stewart, J. G., Shields, G. S., Esposito, E. C., Cosby, E. A., Allen, N. B., Slavich, G. M., & Auerbach, R. P. (2019). Life stress and suicide in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 1707-1722. doi: 10.1007/s10802-019-00534-5
11	Sturmbauer, S. C., Shields, G. S., Hetzel, E. L., Rohleder, N., & Slavich, G. M. (2019). The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN) in German: An overview and initial validation. PLoS One, 14(5):e0216419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216419
10	Slavich, G. M., & Shields, G. S. (2018). Assessing lifetime stress exposure using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An overview and initial validation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80, 17-27. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000534
9	Gillespie S. L., Christian, L. M., Alston, A. D., & Salsberry, P. J. (2017). Childhood stress and birth timing among African American women: Cortisol as biological mediator. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 84, 32-41. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.06.009
8	Shields, G. S., Doty, D., Shields, R. H., Gower, G., Slavich, G. M., Yonelinas, A. P. (2017). Recent life stress exposure is associated with poorer long-term memory, working memory, and self-reported memory. Stress, 20, 598-607. doi: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1380620
7	Cuneo, M. G., Schrepf, A., Slavich, G. M., Thaker, P. H., Goodheart, M., Bender, D., Cole, S. W., Sood, A. K., & Lutgendorf, S. K. (2017). Diurnal cortisol rhythms, fatigue and psychosocial factors in five-year survivors of ovarian cancer. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 84, 139-142. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.06.019
6	Dooley, L. N., Slavich, G. M., Moreno, P. I., & Bower, J. E. (2017). Strength through adversity: Moderate lifetime stress exposure is associated with psychological resilience in breast cancer survivors. Stress and Health, 33, 549-557. doi: 10.1002/smi.2739
5	Goldfarb, E. V., Shields, G. S., Daw, N. D., Slavich, G. M., & Phelps, E. A. (2017). Low lifetime stress exposure is associated with reduced stimulus-response memory. Learning and Memory, 24, 162-168. doi: 10.1101/lm.045179.117
4	Shields, G. S., Moons, W. G., & Slavich, G. M. (2017). Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent life stress exposure on health in young adults. Stress, 20, 75-85. doi: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1286322
3	Toussaint, L., Shields, G. S., Dorn, G., & Slavich, G. M. (2016). Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health. Journal of Health Psychology, 21, 1004-1014. doi: 10.1177/1359105314544132
2	Bower, J. E., Crosswell, A. D., & Slavich, G. M. (2014). Childhood adversity and cumulative life stress: Risk factors for cancer-related fatigue. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 108-115. doi: 10.1177/2167702613496243
1	Slavich, G. M., & Toussaint, L. (2014). Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory as a teaching tool leads to significant learning gains in two courses on stress and health. Stress and Health, 30, 343-352. doi: 10.1002/smi.2523

STRAIN Superusers

Julienne E. Bower, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles	George M. Slavich, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles	Ellissa S. Epel, Ph.D. University of California, San Francisco
Hector A. Olvera, Ph.D. University of Texas at El Paso	Grant S. Shields, Ph.D. University of Arkansas/center>	Susan K. Lutgendorf, Ph.D. University of Iowa
Nicolas Rohleder, Ph.D. Brandeis University	Roland von Känel, M.D. Clinic Barmelweid, Switzerland	Randy P. Auerbach, Ph.D. Columbia University
Loren L. Toussaint, Ph.D.  Luther College	Margareth da Silva Oliveira Ph.D. Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul	Maria E. Bleil, Ph.D. University of Washington
Carrie E. Bearden, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles	Greg Hajcak, Ph.D. Florida State University	Roland von Känel, M.D. Clinic Barmelweid Switzerland

STRAIN Users

Satrajit S. Ghosh, Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Naomi I. Eisenberger, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles	April D. Thames, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles
Elizabeth A. Phelps, Ph.D. New York University	Aidan G.C. Wright, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh	Michael P. Snyder, Ph.D. Stanford University
Jennifer Malat, Ph.D. University of Cincinnati	Rebecca Klatzkin, Ph.D. Rhodes College	Andres De Los Reyes, Ph.D. University of Maryland
Stephen B. Manuck, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh	Joshua F. Wiley, Ph.D. Australian Catholic University	Stewart A. Shankman, Ph.D Northwestern University
Theodore F. Robles, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles	Pablo A. Nepomnaschy, Ph.D. Simon Fraser University	Mitchell J. Prinstein, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Michelle G. Craske, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles	Donald W. Bowden, Ph.D. Wake Forest School of Medicine	Tara L. Gruenewald, Ph.D. University of Southern California
Sandra E. Sephton, Ph.D. University of Louisville	Allison Halt University of Missouri	Candace M. Raio, Ph.D. New York University
Paul W. Glimcher, Ph.D. New York University	Heather L. Urry, Ph.D. Tufts University	Rachel L. Moseley, Ph.D. Bournemouth University
Crystal M. Epstein University of Nebraska Medical Center	Owen M. Wolkowitz, M.D. University of California, San Francisco	Susan R. Torres-Harding, Ph.D. Roosevelt University
Bruce E. Compas, Ph.D. Vanderbilt University	Stacey B. Scott, Ph.D. Stony Brook University	Nicole Desrosier Trinity College
Tor D. Weger, Ph.D. University of Colorado, Boulder	Anthony C. Ruocco, Ph.D. University of Toronto, Scarborough	Mark F. Lenzenweger, Ph.D. State University of New York at Binghamton
David Farabee, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles	Jennifer J. Manly, Ph.D. Columbia University Medical Center	Michael R. Irwin, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles
Cristian Sirbu, Ph.D. West Virginia University School of Medicine	Jean E. Schaffer, M.D. Washington University School of Medicine	Robert M. Bilder, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles
Michelle L. Byrne, Ph.D. University of Oregon	Anna E.F. Weinberg, Ph.D. McGill University	John C. Morgan, M.D., Ph.D. Medical College of Georgia
Linda W. Janusek, Ph.D., RN Loyola University Chicago	Eileen H. Shinn, Ph.D. MD Anderson Cancer Center	Hannah M.C. Schreier, Ph.D. Pennsylvania State University
Steven M. Brunwasser, Ph.D. Vanderbilt University Medical Center	Jennifer E. Graham-Engeland, Ph.D. The Pennsylvania State University	Roxann Roberson-Nay, Ph.D. Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine
Sarah Nowalis, M.A. Rochester Institute of Technology	Samuele Zilioli, Ph.D. Wayne State University	Catherine R. Glenn, Ph.D. University of Rochester
Michael T. Treadway, Ph.D. Emory University	Julie A. Dumas, Ph.D. University of Vermont	Johnny Vanuk University of Arizona
Ian H. Gotlib, Ph.D. Stanford University	Mohammadali Amini-Tehrani University of Tehran	Tiffany Cheing Ho, Ph.D. Stanford University
Jori A. Berger-Greenstein, Ph.D. Boston University School of Medicine	L. Elliot Hong, M.D. University of Maryland School of Medicine	Jill Portnoy, Ph.D. University of Massachusetts Lowell
Melynda D. Casement, Ph.D. University of Oregon	Will Hamilton, Ph.D. Asheville Integrated Behavioral Health	Tony W. Buchanan, Ph.D. Saint Louis University
Sunita K. Patel, Ph.D. City of Hope Medical Center	Dr. Kelly R. Rossetto Boise State University	Greg Miller, Ph.D. Northwestern University
Clifford D. Saron, Ph.D. UC Davis MIND Institute	Martin Picard, Ph.D. Columbia University	Dr. Yashar Khosroshahi, ND, ACC Mind Body Performance
Josiane L. Broussard, Ph.D. University of Colorado	Tory A. Eisenlohr-Moul, Ph.D. University of Illinois at Chicago	Patrick R. Steffen, Ph.D., BCB Brigham Young University
Michael J. Zvolensky, Ph.D. University of Houston	Brady D. Nelson, Ph.D. Stony Brook University	Jutta Joormann, Ph.D. Yale University
Javiera P. Oyarzun, Ph.D. New York University	Melanie Brown, Ph.D. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai	Jennifer B. Permuth, PhD, MS Moffitt Cancer Center
Mercedes Carnethon, Ph.D., FAHA Northwestern University	Kristen L. Knutson, PhD Northwestern University	Joan Luby, M.D. Washington University in St. Louis
Emily A.P. Haigh, Ph.D. University of Maine	James L. Griffith, M.D. George Washington University	Anna Konova, Ph.D. Rutgers University
Erika Manczak, Ph.D. University of Denver	Teresa Smith University of Cincinnati	Kunmi Sobowale, MD Yale University
Fabiano Nery, MD, Ph.D. University of Cincinnati	Yakeel T. Quiroz-Gaviria, Ph.D. Massachusetts General Hospital	Katherine A. Bowers, Ph.D., MPH Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Tamara Newton, Ph.D. University of Louisville	Richard J. Davidson, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin–Madison	Lindsay Kobayashi, Ph.D. Georgetown University
Jeanne Mandelblatt, MD, MPH Georgetown University	Daniel A. Hackman, Ph.D. University of Southern California	Cinnamon Stetler, Ph.D. Furman University
Janice Kiecolt-Glaser, Ph.D. Ohio State University	Mary L. Woody, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh	Mary C. Sullivan, Ph.D., RN, FAAN University of Rhode Island
Michele D. Kipke, Ph.D. Children's Hospital Los Angeles	Sarah C. McEwen, Ph.D., NSCA-CPT Pacific Neuroscience Institute	Lindsay Fourman-Nissim, MD Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital
Kristin Bernard, Ph.D. Stony Brook University	Diego A. Pizzagalli, Ph.D. McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School	Avram J. Holmes, Ph.D. Yale University
Kaigang Li, Ph.D. Colorado State University	Nestor Lopez-Duran, Ph.D University of Michigan	Luke W. Hyde, Ph.D. University of Michigan
Patrick Steffen, Ph.D. Brigham Young University	Cynthia Rogers, M.D. Washington University School of Medicine	Hayley Dorfman, Ph.D. Harvard University
Patti E. Gravitt, Ph.D. University of Maryland	Diane M. Quinn, Ph.D. University of Connecticut	Madeline Li, MD, Ph.D. Princess Margaret Cancer Centre
Lori N. Scott, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh	Lauren Houghton, Ph.D., MSc Columbia University	Anna Reebs, MA, MSc University of Haifa
Gary M. Rodin, MD, FRCPC Princess Margaret Cancer Centre	Sarah M. Lofgren, MD University of Minnesota	Megan R. Gunnar, Ph.D. University of Minnesota
Giulio M. Pasinetti, MD, Ph.D. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai	Carri Shaw, BSN RN CEN University of Michigan	Jenalee R. Doom, Ph.D. University of Denver
Brie M. Reid, Ph.D. University of Minnesota	Sara Bybee, LCSW University of Utah Health	Kristin N. Javaras, Ph.D. McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School
Catherine E. Bolten, Ph.D. University of Notre Dame	Rachel Vaughn-Coaxum, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh	Laurie Sykes Tottenham, Ph.D. University of Regina
D. Erik Everhart, Ph.D., ABPP East Carolina University	Emily C. Merz, Ph.D. Colorado State University	Christine L. Larson, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Timothy A. Allen, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh	Steven D. Pratscher, Ph.D. University of Florida	Maria Barnes-Davis, M.D., Ph.D. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Matt Parker, Ph.D. University of Portsmouth	Rachel Thibault, MPH, MA Antelope Valley College

STRAIN in the World

Milton J. Cazassa Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul Brazilian Portuguese	Hector A. Olvera, Ph.D. University of Texas Spanish	Alberto Collazzoni, Ph.D. University of L' Aquila Italian
Francisco MS Cardoso, Ph.D. University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro European Portuguese	Rosangela Bertelli University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro European Portuguese	Svitlana Avramchenko, Ph.D. Cherkasy National University, Bogdan Khmelnitskiy Ukrainian
Cornelia Rada, Ph.D. Francisc I. Rainer Institute of Anthropology Romanian	Stefania Rosca Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu Romanian	Rimovecz Cristina Klari West University in Timisoara Romanian
Ibrahim Yiğit, Ph.D. Baskent University Turkish	Melike Guzey Ankara University Turkish	Hale Yapıcı Eser, M.D., Ph.D. Koç University School of Medicine Turkish
Dora Kirigin M.S. Clinical Hospital Centre Split Croatian	Dolores Britvic, M.D. University of Split Croatian	Pål Kraft,Ph.D. University of Oslo Norwegian
Zahir Vally, Ph.D United Arab Emirates University Arabic	Tone Gretland Valderhaug, M.D., Ph.D. Akershus University Hospital Norwegian	Laiana Quagliato, M.D. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Brazilian Portuguese
Mario A. Rosero P, Ph.D. Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga Spanish	Nicolas Rohleder,Ph.D. Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg German	Rudy Leon De Wilde, MD Pius-Hospital Oldenburg German
David Fletcher, Ph.D. Loughborough University United Kingdom	Kimberly Dienes, Ph.D. University of Manchester United Kingdom	Julie M. Turner-Cobb, Ph.D. Bournemouth University United Kingdom
Hannah L. Graham Loughborough University United Kingdom	Lee Moore University of Bath United Kingdom	Ella McLoughlin University of Bath United Kingdom
Darren Hedley, Ph.D. La Trobe University Australia	Lisa-Marie Greenwood, Ph.D. University of Wollongong Australia	Zoltan Pataky, MD University Hospitals of Geneva Swiss French
Ikenna C. Eze, MD Ph.D. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute English	Gunjan Joshi King George's Medical University English	Desley Simpson Central Queensland University Australia
Heidi I. L. Jacobs, Ph.D. Massachusetts General Hospital Dutch