Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN)

The STRAIN, or Stress and Adversity Inventory, is a NIMH/RDoC-recommended instrument that efficiently and reliably assesses a person’s cumulative exposure to major stressors over the life course. The measure is entirely online and systematically inquires about a diverse array of acute life events (e.g., deaths of relatives, job losses, negative health events) and chronic difficulties (e.g., ongoing health problems, work problems, relationship problems, financial problems, etc.) that have known implications for human health and well-being. Stressors occurring in early life (e.g., childhood maltreatment or neglect, parental loss/separation, etc.) are also queried in detail. Respondents are asked to rate the severity, frequency, timing, and duration of each stressor they endorse. Questions that are inappropriate (based on a participant’s demographic characteristics) are automatically omitted from the interview (e.g., female reproductive health questions for male participants, questions about children for persons without children). The instrument can be self-administered by users at a computer or can be administered by an interviewer who follows the simple on-screen prompts. Because the STRAIN is embedded in an automated, online interviewing environment, the interview can be completed almost anywhere, including in a clinic, research laboratory, or classroom. Presently, we have an adolescent version of the STRAIN (Adolescent STRAIN) and an adult version (Adult STRAIN), both of which are available in several languages (see below). We have also developed a 20-item Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) Screener for Adults, which can be used to identify individuals who would benefit from taking the complete STRAIN in clinical settings. Although the STRAIN was originally designed to assess stressors occurring over the entire lifespan, we have since developed additional versions that focus on the same stressors but over shorter time periods (e.g., past 6 months, past year; see below). To begin using the STRAIN, complete the STRAIN Setup Form.

The average time needed to complete the STRAIN is 18-19 minutes. Because there are multiple follow-up questions for each endorsed stressor (i.e., that assess severity, frequency, timing, and duration), there are approximately 220 questions that can be asked in all. Based on this information, the system produces 455 variables that are used to assess an individual’s cumulative exposure to stress. Using this raw data, we can presently create more than 115 different cumulative lifetime stressor exposure summary scores and life charts that summarize a person’s exposure to different stressors over the lifespan. Analyses can in turn be based on a number of factors, including stressor severity and/or the timing of stress exposure (e.g., Early Adversity vs. Distant vs. Recent Life Stress). More sophisticated analyses can be performed by focusing on stressors occurring in particular life domains (e.g., Housing, Education, Work, Health, Marital/Partner) or that have particular core characteristics (e.g., Interpersonal Loss, Physical Danger, Humiliation, Entrapment, Role Change).

Other interview-based measures have been developed for assessing life stress that require an independent rating team. The STRAIN is not a substitute for these more involved systems but rather is an alternative that can be used when the goal is to collect substantial information about health-relevant stressors in a relatively quick, efficient, and reliable manner. The STRAIN accomplishes this goal by combining the sophistication of an interview-based measure of life stress with the simplicity of a self-report instrument.

Main References

Adolescent STRAIN: Slavich, G. M., Stewart, J. G., Esposito, E. C., Shields, G. S., & Auerbach, R. P. (2019). The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adolescents (Adolescent STRAIN): associations with mental and physical health, risky behaviors, and psychiatric diagnoses in youth seeking treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60, 998-1009. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13038

Adult STRAIN: Slavich, G. M., & Shields, G. S. (2018). Assessing lifetime stress exposure using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An overview and initial validation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80, 17-27. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000534

  • Brazilian Portuguese: Cazassa, M. J., Oliveira, M. D. S., Spahr, C. M., Shields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2020). The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN) in Brazilian Portuguese: Initial validation and links with executive function, sleep, and mental and physical health. Frontiers in Psychology, 10:3083. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03083
  • German: Sturmbauer, S. C., Shields, G. S., Hetzel, E. L., Rohleder, N., & Slavich, G. M. (2019). The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN) in German: An overview and initial validation. PLoS One, 14(5):e0216419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216419

Use & Implementation

The STRAIN was developed and is copyrighted by George Slavich. Additional details and instructions are gladly provided upon request. Unauthorized use is not permitted. For additional information or to get started using the STRAIN, complete the STRAIN Setup Form.

STRAIN Publications

NumberPublicationDownload
62McLoughlin, E., Arnold, R., Moore, L. J., Slavich, G. M., & Fletcher, D. (in press). A qualitative exploration of how lifetime stressor exposure influences sport performers’ health, well-being, and performance. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2246023
61Modasi, J., Khachadourian, V., O’Hora, K., Kushan, L., Slavich, G. M., Shields, G. S., Velthorst, E., & Bearden, C. E. (in press). Associations between acute and chronic lifetime stressors and psychosis-risk symptoms in individuals with 22q11.2 copy number variants. Psychological Medicine. doi: 10.1017/S0033291723000740
60Delfel, E., Hammond, A., Shields, G. S., Moore, D. J., Slavich, G. M., & Thames, A.D. (in press). Psychological grit moderates the relation between lifetime stressor exposure and functional outcomes among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative adults. Stress and Health. doi: 10.1002/smi.3245
57Mayer, S. E., Guan, J., Lin, J., Hamlat, E., Parker, J. E., Brownell, K., Price, C., Mujahid, M., Tomiyama, A. J., Slavich, G. M., Laraia, B. A., & Epel, E. S. (in press). Intergenerational effects of maternal lifetime stressor exposure on offspring telomere length in Black and White women. Psychological Medicine. doi: 10.1017/S0033291722003397
55McLoughlin, E., Fletcher, D., Graham, H. L., Arnold, R., Madigan, D. J., Slavich, G. M., & Moore, L. J. (in press). Cumulative lifetime stressor exposure and health in elite athletes: The moderating role of perfectionism. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2022.2153203
62Hamlat, E. J., Neilands, T. B., Laraia, B., Zhang, J., Lu, A. T., Lin, J., Horvath, S., & Epel, E. S. (in press). Early life adversity predicts an accelerated cellular aging phenotype through early timing of puberty. Psychological Medicine.
54Ojha, A., Teresi, G. I., Slavich, G. M., Gotlib, I. H., & Ho, T. C. (in press). Social threat, fronto-cingulate-limbic morphometry, and symptom course in depressed adolescents: A longitudinal investigation. Psychological Medicine. doi: 10.1017/S0033291722002239
53Burani, K., Brush, C.J.., Shields, G. S., Klein, D. N., Nelson, B., Slavich, G. M., & Hajcak, G. (in press). Cumulative lifetime acute stressor exposure interacts with reward responsiveness to predict longitudinal increases in depression severity in adolescence. Psychological Medicine. doi: 10.1017/S0033291722001386
58Luby, J. L., England, S. K., Barch, D. M., Warner, B. B., Rogers, C., Smyser, C. D., Triplett, R., Arora, J., Smyser, T. A., Slavich, G. M., Zhao, P., Stout, M., Herzog, E., & Miller, J.P. (2023). Social disadvantage during pregnancy: Effects on gestational age and birthweight. Journal of Perinatology, 43, 477-483. doi: 10.1038/s41372-023-01643-2
59Bleil, M. E., Roisman, G. I., Gregorich, S. E., Appelhans, B. M., Hiatt, R. A., Pianta, R. C., Marsland, A. L., Slavich, G. M., Thomas, A. S., Yeung, W. S., & Booth-LaForce, C. (2023). Thirty-year follow-up of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD): The challenges and triumphs of conducting in-person research at a distance. BMJ Open, 13, e066655. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066655
56Parra, L. A., Spahr, C. M., Goldbach, J. T., Bray, B. C., Kipke, M. D., & Slavich, G. M. (2023). Greater lifetime stressor exposure is associated with poorer mental health among sexual minority people of color. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 79, 1130-1155. doi: 10.1002/jclp.23463
52Allison, G. O., Kamath, R. A., Carrillo, V., Alqueza, K. L., Pagliaccio, D., Slavich, G. M., Shankman, S. A., & Auerbach, R. P. (2023). Self-referential processing in remitted depression: An event-related potential study. Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science, 3, 119-129. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.12.005
51Burani, K., Brush, C. J., Spahr, C., Slavich, G. M., Meyer, A., & Hajcak, G. (2023). Corporal punishment is uniquely associated with a greater neural response to errors and blunted neural response to rewards in adolescence. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 8, 210-218. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.09.004
50Clay, J. M., Baker, K. A., Mezabrovschi, R. D., Berti, G., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., Stafford, L. D., & Parker, M. O. (2023). Mediated and moderated associations between cumulative lifetime stressor exposure, emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and lifetime alcohol use: A cross-sectional scoping study of UK drinkers. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 164, 140-149. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.06.020
49Klatzkin, R. R., Nadel, T., Wilkinson, L. L., Gaffney, K., Files, H., Gray, Z. J., & Slavich, G. M. (2023). Lifetime stressor exposure, eating expectancy, and acute social stress-related eating behavior: A pre-registered study of the emotional eating cycle. Appetite, 185, 106494. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106494
48Murphy, M. L. M., Sichko, S., Bui, T. Q., Libowitz, M. R., Shields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2023). Intergenerational transmission of lifetime stressor exposure in adolescent girls at differential maternal risk for depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 79, 431-448. doi: 10.1002/jclp.23417
47Shields, G. S., Fassett-Carman, A., Gray, Z. J., Gonzales, J. E., Snyder, H. R., & Slavich, G. M. (2023). Why is subjective stress severity a stronger predictor of health than stressor exposure? A preregistered two-study test of two hypotheses. Stress and Health, 39, 87-102. doi: 10.1002/smi.3165
46Burani, K., Brush, C. J., Shields, G. S., Klein, D. N., Nelson, B. D., Slavich, G. M., & Hajcak, G. (2022). Greater cumulative lifetime stressor exposure predicts blunted reward positivity in adolescent girls followed for 2 years. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 7, 1017-1024. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.05.011
45Triplett, R. L., Lean, R. E., Parikh, A., Miller, J. P., Alexopoulos, D., Kaplan, S., Meyer, D., Adamson, C., Smyser, T. A., Rogers, C. E., Barch, D. M., Warner, B., Luby, J. L., & Smyser, C. D. (2022). Association of prenatal exposure to early-life adversity with neonatal brain volumes at birth. JAMA Network Open, 5(4):e227045. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.7045
44Princip, M., Meister-Langraf, R. E., Slavich, G. M., Pazhenkottil, A. P., Hackl-Zuccarella, C., Cammann, V. L., Ghadri, J. R., Templin, C., & von Känel, R. (2022). Psychosocial and clinical characteristics of a patient with Takotsubo syndrome and her healthy monozygotic twin: A case report. European Heart Journal - Case Reports, 6(7):ytac255. doi: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytac255
43McIntosh, E. C., Beam, C., Spahr, C. M., Slavich, G. M., Thames, A. D. (2022). Prefrontal cortex volume mediates the relationship between lifetime chronic stressor exposure and cognition in people living with and without HIV. Psychosomatic Medicine, 84, 904-913. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001125
42Lean, R. E., Smyser, C. D., Brady, R. G., Triplett, R. L., Kaplan, S., Kenley, J. K., Shimony, J. S., Smyser, T. A., Miller, J. P., Barch, D. M., Luby, J. L., Warner, B. B., & Rogers, C. E. (2022). Prenatal exposure to maternal social disadvantage and psychosocial stress and neonatal white matter connectivity at birth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(42), e2204135119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2204135119
41Brady, R. G., Rogers, C. E., Prochaska, T., Kaplan, S., Lean, R. E., Smyser, T. A., Shimony, J. S., Slavich, G. M., Warner, B. B., Barch, D. M., Luby, J. L., & Smyser, C. D. (2022). The effects of prenatal exposure to neighborhood crime on neonatal functional connectivity. Biological Psychiatry, 92, 139-148. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.01.020
40Banica, I., Sandre, A., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., & Weinberg, A. (2022). Associations between lifetime stress exposure and the error-related negativity (ERN) differ based on stressor characteristics and exposure timing in young adults. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 22, 672-689. doi: 10.3758/s13415-021-00883-z
39Hamlat, E. J., Laraia, B., Bleil, M. E., Deardorff, J., Tomiyama, A. J., Mujahid, M., Shields, G. S., Brownell, K., Slavich, G. M., & Epel, E. S. (2022). Effects of early life adversity on pubertal timing and tempo in black and white girls: The National Growth and Health Study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 84, 297-305. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001048
38McLoughlin, E., Arnold, R., Fletcher, D., Spahr, C. M., Slavich, G. M., & Moore, L. J. (2022). Assessing lifetime stressor exposure in sport performers: Associations with trait stress appraisals, health, well-being, and performance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 58, 102078. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102078
37McLoughlin, E., Arnold, R., Freeman, P., Turner, J. E., Roberts, G. A., Fletcher, D., Slavich, G. M., & Moore, L. J. (2022). Lifetime stressor exposure and psychophysiological reactivity and habituation to repeated acute social stressors. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 44, 427-438. doi: 10.1123/jsep.2022-0196
36Raio, C. M., Lu, B. B., Grubb, M., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., & Glimcher, P. (2022). Cumulative lifetime stressor exposure assessed by the STRAIN predicts economic ambiguity aversion. Nature Communications, 13, 1686. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28530-2
35Senft Miller, A., Nop, O., Slavich, G. M., Dumas, J. A. (2022). Lifetime stress exposure, cognition, and psychiatric wellbeing in women. Aging & Mental Health, 26, 1765-1770. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1958144
34Gillespie, S. L., Christian, L. M., Mackos, A. R., Nolan, T. S., Gondwe, K. W., Anderson, C. M., Hall, M. W., Williams, K. P., & Slavich, G. M. (2022). Lifetime stressor exposure, systemic inflammation during pregnancy, and preterm birth among Black American women. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 101, 266-274. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.008
33Malat, J., Johns-Wolfe, E., Smith, T., Shields, G. S., Jacquez, F., & Slavich, G. M. (2022). Associations between lifetime stress exposure, race, and first-birth intendedness in the United States. Journal of Health Psychology, 27, 765-777. doi: 10.1177/1359105320963210
32Wulsin, L. R., Sagui-Henson, S. J., Roos, L. G., Wang, D., Jenkins, B., Cohen, B. E., Shah, A. J., & Slavich, G. M. (2022). Stress measurement in primary care: Conceptual issues, barriers, resources, and recommendations for study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 84, 267-275. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001051
31Gillespie, S. L., Bose-Brill, S., Giurgescu, C., Gondwe, K. W., Nolan, T. S., Spurlock, E. J., & Christian, L. M. (2021). Racial discrimination and stress across the life course. Nursing Research, 70 (5S), S21-S30. doi: 10.1097/NNR.0000000000000525
30Byrne, M. L., Lind, M. N., Horn, S. R., Mills, K. L., Nelson, B. W., Barnes, M. L., Slavich, G. M., & Allen, N. B. (2021). Using mobile sensing data to assess stress: Associations with perceived and lifetime stress, mental health, sleep, and inflammation. Digital Health, 7, 1-11. doi: 10.1177/20552076211037227
29Polick, C. S., Polick, S. R., Stoddard, S. A., Braley, T. J., & Slavich, G. M. (2021). The importance of assessing life stress exposure in multiple sclerosis: A case report. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 54, 103145. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103145
28McMullin, S. D., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., & Buchanan, T. W. (2021). Cumulative lifetime stress exposure predicts greater impulsivity and addictive behaviors. Journal of Health Psychology, 26, 2921-2936. doi: 10.1177/1359105320937055
27Moseley, R. L., Turner-Cobb, J. M., Spahr, C. M., Shields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2021). Lifetime and perceived stress, social support, loneliness, and health in autistic adults. Health Psychology, 40, 556-568. doi: 10.1037/hea0001108
26Kim, S., Zhang, W., Pak, V., Aqua, J. K., Hertzberg, V. S., Spahr, C. M., Slavich, G. M., & Bai, J. (2021). How stress, discrimination, acculturation and the gut microbiome affect depression, anxiety and sleep among Chinese and Korean immigrants in the USA: A cross-sectional pilot study protocol. BMJ Open, 11(7):e047281. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047281
25McLoughlin, E., Fletcher, D., Slavich, G. M., Arnold, R., & Moore, L. J. (2021). Cumulative lifetime stress exposure, depression, anxiety, and well-being in elite athletes: A mixed-method study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101823. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101823
24Cooper, J. A., Nuutinen, M. R., Lawlor, V. M., DeVries, B. A. M., Barrick, E. M., Hossein, S., Cole, D. J., Leonard, C. V., Hahn, E. C., Teer, A. P., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., Ongur, D., Jensen, J. E., Du, F., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Treadway, M. T. (2021). Reduced adaptation of glutamatergic stress response is associated with pessimistic expectations in depression. Nature Communications, 12(1):3166. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23284-9
23Foubert, L., Noël, Y., Spahr, C. M., Slavich, G. M. (2021). Beyond WEIRD: Associations between socioeconomic status, gender, lifetime stress exposure, and depression in Madagascar. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77, 1644-1665. doi: 10.1002/jclp.23131
22Smith, T., Johns‐Wolfe, E., Shields, G. S., Malat, J., Jacquez, F., & Slavich, G. M. (2020). Associations between lifetime stress exposure and prenatal health behaviors. Stress and Health, 36, 384-395. doi: 10.1002/smi.2933
21Banica, I., Sandre, A., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., & Weinberg, A. (2020). The error-related negativity (ERN) moderates the association between interpersonal stress and anxiety symptoms six months later. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 153, 27-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.03.006
20Cazassa, M. J., Oliveira, M. D. S., Spahr, C. M., Shields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2020). The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN) in Brazilian Portuguese: Initial validation and links with executive function, sleep, and mental and physical health. Frontiers in Psychology, 10:3083. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03083
19Slavich, G. M., Stewart, J. G., Esposito, E. C., Shields, G. S., & Auerbach, R. P. (2019). The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adolescents (Adolescent STRAIN): associations with mental and physical health, risky behaviors, and psychiatric diagnoses in youth seeking treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60, 998-1009. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13038
18Schüssler-Fiorenza Rose, S. M., Contrepois, K., Moneghetti, K. J., Zhou, W., Mishra, T., Mataraso, S., Dagan-Rosenfeld, O., Ganz, A., Dunn., J., Hornburg, D., Rego, S., Perelman, D., Ahadi, S., Reza Sailani, M., Zhou, Y., Leopold, S., Chen, J., Ashland, M., Christle, J. W., Avina, M., Limcaoco, P., Ruiz, C., Tan, M., Butte, A. J., Weinstock, G. M., Slavich, G. M., Sodergren, E., McLaughlin, T. L., Haddad, F., & Snyder, M. P. (2019). A longitudinal big data approach for precision health. Nature Medicine, 25, 792-804. doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0414-6
17Olvera Alvarez, H. A., Provencio-Vasquez, E., Slavich, G. M., Laurent, J. G. C., Browning, M., McKee-Lopez, G., Robbins, L., & Spengler, J. D. (2019). Stress and health in nursing students: The Nurse Engagement and Wellness Study. Nursing Research, 68, 453-463. doi: 10.1097/NNR.0000000000000383
16Pegg, S., Ethridge, P., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., Weinberg, A., & Kujawa, A. (2019). Blunted social reward responsiveness moderates the effect of lifetime social stress exposure on depressive symptoms. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13:178. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00178
15Lam, J. C. W., Shields, G. S., Trainor, B. C., Slavich, G. M., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2019). Greater lifetime stress exposure predicts blunted cortisol but heightened DHEA responses to acute stress. Stress and Health, 35, 15-26. doi: 10.1002/smi.2835
14Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Puterman, E., Lin, J., Arenander, J., Coccia, M., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., & Epel, E. S. (2019). Cumulative lifetime stress exposure and leukocyte telomere length attrition: The unique role of stressor duration and exposure timing. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 104, 210-218. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.002
13Shields, G. S., Ramey, M. M., Slavich, G. M., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2019). Determining the mechanisms through which recent life stress predicts working memory impairments: Precision or capacity? Stress, 22, 280-285. doi: 10.1080/10253890.2018.1556635
12Stewart, J. G., Shields, G. S., Esposito, E. C., Cosby, E. A., Allen, N. B., Slavich, G. M., & Auerbach, R. P. (2019). Life stress and suicide in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 1707-1722. doi: 10.1007/s10802-019-00534-5
11Sturmbauer, S. C., Shields, G. S., Hetzel, E. L., Rohleder, N., & Slavich, G. M. (2019). The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN) in German: An overview and initial validation. PLoS One, 14(5):e0216419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216419
10Slavich, G. M., & Shields, G. S. (2018). Assessing lifetime stress exposure using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An overview and initial validation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80, 17-27. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000534
9Gillespie S. L., Christian, L. M., Alston, A. D., & Salsberry, P. J. (2017). Childhood stress and birth timing among African American women: Cortisol as biological mediator. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 84, 32-41. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.06.009
8Shields, G. S., Doty, D., Shields, R. H., Gower, G., Slavich, G. M., Yonelinas, A. P. (2017). Recent life stress exposure is associated with poorer long-term memory, working memory, and self-reported memory. Stress, 20, 598-607. doi: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1380620
7Cuneo, M. G., Schrepf, A., Slavich, G. M., Thaker, P. H., Goodheart, M., Bender, D., Cole, S. W., Sood, A. K., & Lutgendorf, S. K. (2017). Diurnal cortisol rhythms, fatigue and psychosocial factors in five-year survivors of ovarian cancer. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 84, 139-142. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.06.019
6Dooley, L. N., Slavich, G. M., Moreno, P. I., & Bower, J. E. (2017). Strength through adversity: Moderate lifetime stress exposure is associated with psychological resilience in breast cancer survivors. Stress and Health, 33, 549-557. doi: 10.1002/smi.2739
5Goldfarb, E. V., Shields, G. S., Daw, N. D., Slavich, G. M., & Phelps, E. A. (2017). Low lifetime stress exposure is associated with reduced stimulus-response memory. Learning and Memory, 24, 162-168. doi: 10.1101/lm.045179.117
4Shields, G. S., Moons, W. G., & Slavich, G. M. (2017). Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent life stress exposure on health in young adults. Stress, 20, 75-85. doi: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1286322
3Toussaint, L., Shields, G. S., Dorn, G., & Slavich, G. M. (2016). Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health. Journal of Health Psychology, 21, 1004-1014. doi: 10.1177/1359105314544132
2Bower, J. E., Crosswell, A. D., & Slavich, G. M. (2014). Childhood adversity and cumulative life stress: Risk factors for cancer-related fatigue. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 108-115. doi: 10.1177/2167702613496243
1Slavich, G. M., & Toussaint, L. (2014). Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory as a teaching tool leads to significant learning gains in two courses on stress and health. Stress and Health, 30, 343-352. doi: 10.1002/smi.2523

STRAIN Superusers

Julienne E. Bower, Ph.D.
University of California, Los Angeles
George M. Slavich, Ph.D.
University of California, Los Angeles
Ellissa S. Epel, Ph.D.
University of California, San Francisco
Hector A. Olvera, Ph.D.
University of Texas at El Paso
Grant S. Shields, Ph.D.
University of Arkansas/center>
Susan K. Lutgendorf, Ph.D.
University of Iowa
Nicolas Rohleder, Ph.D.
Brandeis University
Roland von Känel, M.D.
Clinic Barmelweid, Switzerland
Randy P. Auerbach, Ph.D.
Columbia University
Loren L. Toussaint, Ph.D. 
Luther College
Margareth da Silva Oliveira Ph.D.
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul
Maria E. Bleil, Ph.D.
University of Washington
Carrie E. Bearden, Ph.D.
University of California, Los Angeles
Greg Hajcak, Ph.D.
Florida State University
Roland von Känel, M.D.
Clinic Barmelweid
Switzerland

STRAIN Users

Satrajit S. Ghosh, Ph.D.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Naomi I. Eisenberger, Ph.D.
University of California, Los Angeles
April D. Thames, Ph.D.
University of California, Los Angeles
Elizabeth A. Phelps, Ph.D.
New York University
Aidan G.C. Wright, Ph.D.
University of Pittsburgh
Michael P. Snyder, Ph.D.
Stanford University
Jennifer Malat, Ph.D.
University of Cincinnati
Rebecca Klatzkin, Ph.D.
Rhodes College
Andres De Los Reyes, Ph.D.
University of Maryland
Stephen B. Manuck, Ph.D.
University of Pittsburgh
Joshua F. Wiley, Ph.D.
Australian Catholic University
Stewart A. Shankman, Ph.D
Northwestern University
Theodore F. Robles, Ph.D.
University of California, Los Angeles
Pablo A. Nepomnaschy, Ph.D.
Simon Fraser University
Mitchell J. Prinstein, Ph.D.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Michelle G. Craske, Ph.D.
University of California, Los Angeles
Donald W. Bowden, Ph.D.
Wake Forest School of Medicine
Tara L. Gruenewald, Ph.D.
University of Southern California
Sandra E. Sephton, Ph.D.
University of Louisville
Allison Halt
University of Missouri
Candace M. Raio, Ph.D.
New York University
Paul W. Glimcher, Ph.D.
New York University
Heather L. Urry, Ph.D.
Tufts University
Rachel L. Moseley, Ph.D.
Bournemouth University
Crystal M. Epstein
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Owen M. Wolkowitz, M.D.
University of California, San Francisco
Susan R. Torres-Harding, Ph.D.
Roosevelt University
Bruce E. Compas, Ph.D.
Vanderbilt University
Stacey B. Scott, Ph.D.
Stony Brook University
Nicole Desrosier
Trinity College
Tor D. Weger, Ph.D.
University of Colorado, Boulder
Anthony C. Ruocco, Ph.D.
University of Toronto, Scarborough
Mark F. Lenzenweger, Ph.D.
State University of New York at Binghamton
David Farabee, Ph.D.
University of California, Los Angeles
Jennifer J. Manly, Ph.D.
Columbia University Medical Center
Michael R. Irwin, Ph.D.
University of California, Los Angeles
Cristian Sirbu, Ph.D.
West Virginia University School of Medicine
Jean E. Schaffer, M.D.
Washington University School of Medicine
Robert M. Bilder, Ph.D.
University of California, Los Angeles
Michelle L. Byrne, Ph.D.
University of Oregon
Anna E.F. Weinberg, Ph.D.
McGill University
John C. Morgan, M.D., Ph.D.
Medical College of Georgia
Linda W. Janusek, Ph.D., RN
Loyola University Chicago
Eileen H. Shinn, Ph.D.
MD Anderson Cancer Center
Hannah M.C. Schreier, Ph.D.
Pennsylvania State University
Steven M. Brunwasser, Ph.D.
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Jennifer E. Graham-Engeland, Ph.D.
The Pennsylvania State University
Roxann Roberson-Nay, Ph.D.
Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine
Sarah Nowalis, M.A.
Rochester Institute of Technology
Samuele Zilioli, Ph.D.
Wayne State University


Catherine R. Glenn, Ph.D.
University of Rochester
Michael T. Treadway, Ph.D.
Emory University
Julie A. Dumas, Ph.D.
University of Vermont
Johnny Vanuk
University of Arizona
Ian H. Gotlib, Ph.D.
Stanford University

Mohammadali Amini-Tehrani
University of Tehran
Tiffany Cheing Ho, Ph.D.
Stanford University
Jori A. Berger-Greenstein, Ph.D.
Boston University School of Medicine
L. Elliot Hong, M.D.
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Jill Portnoy, Ph.D.
University of Massachusetts Lowell
Melynda D. Casement, Ph.D.
University of Oregon
Will Hamilton, Ph.D.
Asheville Integrated Behavioral Health
Tony W. Buchanan, Ph.D.
Saint Louis University
Sunita K. Patel, Ph.D.
City of Hope Medical Center
Dr. Kelly R. Rossetto
Boise State University
Greg Miller, Ph.D.
Northwestern University
Clifford D. Saron, Ph.D.
UC Davis MIND Institute
Martin Picard, Ph.D.
Columbia University
Dr. Yashar Khosroshahi, ND, ACC
Mind Body Performance
Josiane L. Broussard, Ph.D.
University of Colorado
Tory A. Eisenlohr-Moul, Ph.D.
University of Illinois at Chicago
Patrick R. Steffen, Ph.D., BCB
Brigham Young University
Michael J. Zvolensky, Ph.D.
University of Houston
Brady D. Nelson, Ph.D.
Stony Brook University
Jutta Joormann, Ph.D.
Yale University
Javiera P. Oyarzun, Ph.D.
New York University
Melanie Brown, Ph.D.
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Jennifer B. Permuth, PhD, MS
Moffitt Cancer Center
Mercedes Carnethon, Ph.D., FAHA
Northwestern University
Kristen L. Knutson, PhD
Northwestern University
Joan Luby, M.D.
Washington University in St. Louis
Emily A.P. Haigh, Ph.D.
University of Maine
James L. Griffith, M.D.
George Washington University
Anna Konova, Ph.D.
Rutgers University
Erika Manczak, Ph.D.
University of Denver
Teresa Smith
University of Cincinnati
Kunmi Sobowale, MD
Yale University
Fabiano Nery, MD, Ph.D.
University of Cincinnati
Yakeel T. Quiroz-Gaviria, Ph.D.
Massachusetts General Hospital
Katherine A. Bowers, Ph.D., MPH
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Tamara Newton, Ph.D.
University of Louisville
Richard J. Davidson, Ph.D.
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Lindsay Kobayashi, Ph.D.
Georgetown University
Jeanne Mandelblatt, MD, MPH
Georgetown University
Daniel A. Hackman, Ph.D.
University of Southern California
Cinnamon Stetler, Ph.D.
Furman University
Janice Kiecolt-Glaser, Ph.D.
Ohio State University
Mary L. Woody, Ph.D.
University of Pittsburgh
Mary C. Sullivan, Ph.D., RN, FAAN
University of Rhode Island
Michele D. Kipke, Ph.D.
Children's Hospital Los Angeles
Sarah C. McEwen, Ph.D., NSCA-CPT
Pacific Neuroscience Institute
Lindsay Fourman-Nissim, MD
Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital
Kristin Bernard, Ph.D.
Stony Brook University
Diego A. Pizzagalli, Ph.D.
McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School
Avram J. Holmes, Ph.D.
Yale University
Kaigang Li, Ph.D.
Colorado State University
Nestor Lopez-Duran, Ph.D
University of Michigan
Luke W. Hyde, Ph.D.
University of Michigan
Patrick Steffen, Ph.D.
Brigham Young University
Cynthia Rogers, M.D.
Washington University School of Medicine
Hayley Dorfman, Ph.D.
Harvard University
Patti E. Gravitt, Ph.D.
University of Maryland
Diane M. Quinn, Ph.D.
University of Connecticut
Madeline Li, MD, Ph.D.
Princess Margaret Cancer Centre
Lori N. Scott, Ph.D.
University of Pittsburgh
Lauren Houghton, Ph.D., MSc
Columbia University
Anna Reebs, MA, MSc
University of Haifa
Gary M. Rodin, MD, FRCPC
Princess Margaret Cancer Centre
Sarah M. Lofgren, MD
University of Minnesota
Megan R. Gunnar, Ph.D.
University of Minnesota
Giulio M. Pasinetti, MD, Ph.D.
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Carri Shaw, BSN RN CEN
University of Michigan
Jenalee R. Doom, Ph.D.
University of Denver
Brie M. Reid, Ph.D.
University of Minnesota
Sara Bybee, LCSW
University of Utah Health
Kristin N. Javaras, Ph.D.
McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School
Catherine E. Bolten, Ph.D.
University of Notre Dame
Rachel Vaughn-Coaxum, Ph.D.
University of Pittsburgh
Laurie Sykes Tottenham, Ph.D.
University of Regina
D. Erik Everhart, Ph.D., ABPP
East Carolina University
Emily C. Merz, Ph.D.
Colorado State University
Christine L. Larson, Ph.D.
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Timothy A. Allen, Ph.D.
University of Pittsburgh
Steven D. Pratscher, Ph.D.
University of Florida
Maria Barnes-Davis, M.D., Ph.D.
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Matt Parker, Ph.D.
University of Portsmouth
Rachel Thibault, MPH, MA
Antelope Valley College
Jose E. Nanez, Ph.D.
Arizona State University
David Isaacs, MD, MPH
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Katherine B. Ehrlich, Ph.D.
University of Georgia
Agnes H. Whitaker, MD
Columbia University
Ifat Levy, Ph.D.
Yale University
Patricia A. Brennan, Ph.D.
Emory University
Lauren B. Alloy, Ph.D.
Temple University
Alexandra J. Fiocco, Ph.D.
Ryerson University
Michelle L. Byrne, Ph.D.
Monash University
Beatriz Luna, Ph.D.
University of Pittsburgh
Tiffany L. Carson, Ph.D., MPH
Moffitt Cancer Center
Mark Wade, Ph.D.
University of Toronto
Leah B. Helou, Ph.D., CCC-SLP
University of Pittsburgh
Jonathan S. Abramowitz, Ph.D.
University of North Carolina
Nicholas D Thomson, Ph.D.
Virginia Commonwealth University
Amy H. Mezulis, Ph.D.
Seattle Pacific University
Jessica R. Peters, Ph.D.
Brown University
Ivana Burić, Ph.D.
University of Amsterdam
Niels Riksen, MD, PhD
Radboud University Medical Centre
James W. Murrough, MD
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Joanne Lin, Ph.D.
The University of Auckland

STRAIN in the World

Milton J. Cazassa
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul
Brazilian Portuguese
Hector A. Olvera, Ph.D.
University of Texas
Spanish
Alberto Collazzoni, Ph.D.
University of L' Aquila
Italian
Francisco MS Cardoso, Ph.D.
University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro
European Portuguese
Rosangela Bertelli
University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro
European Portuguese
Svitlana Avramchenko, Ph.D.
Cherkasy National University, Bogdan Khmelnitskiy
Ukrainian
Cornelia Rada, Ph.D.
Francisc I. Rainer Institute of Anthropology
Romanian
Stefania Rosca
Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu
Romanian
Rimovecz Cristina Klari
West University in Timisoara
Romanian
Ibrahim Yiğit, Ph.D.
Baskent University
Turkish
Melike Guzey
Ankara University
Turkish
Hale Yapıcı Eser, M.D., Ph.D.
Koç University School of Medicine
Turkish
Dora Kirigin M.S.
Clinical Hospital Centre Split
Croatian

Dolores Britvic, M.D.
University of Split
Croatian
Pål Kraft,Ph.D.
University of Oslo
Norwegian
Zahir Vally, Ph.D
United Arab Emirates University
Arabic
Tone Gretland Valderhaug, M.D., Ph.D.
Akershus University Hospital
Norwegian
Laiana Quagliato, M.D.
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Brazilian Portuguese
Mario A. Rosero P, Ph.D.
Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga
Spanish
Nicolas Rohleder,Ph.D.
Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg
German
Rudy Leon De Wilde, MD
Pius-Hospital Oldenburg
German
David Fletcher, Ph.D.
Loughborough University
United Kingdom
Kimberly Dienes, Ph.D.
University of Manchester
United Kingdom
Julie M. Turner-Cobb, Ph.D.
Bournemouth University
United Kingdom
Hannah L. Graham
Loughborough University
United Kingdom
Lee Moore
University of Bath
United Kingdom
Ella McLoughlin
University of Bath
United Kingdom
Darren Hedley, Ph.D.
La Trobe University
Australia
Lisa-Marie Greenwood, Ph.D.
University of Wollongong
Australia
Zoltan Pataky, MD
University Hospitals of Geneva
Swiss French
Ikenna C. Eze, MD Ph.D.
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
English

Gunjan Joshi
King George's Medical University
English
Desley Simpson
Central Queensland University
Australia
Heidi I. L. Jacobs, Ph.D.
Massachusetts General Hospital
Dutch
Daniel Serrani, MD
Rosario National University
Argentina
Tobias Stalder, Ph.D.
Universität Siegen
German
Susanne Fischer, MSc, Ph.D.
University of Zürich
Switzerland

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